Jan 29, · What is GDP and How Is It Used? GDP measures the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located within the U.S. during a given time period.1 It was developed in the s as a way for policymakers to gauge the recovery from the Great Depression.2 Reported quarterly, GDP has become the metric economists and policymakers primarily look to for analyzing "The Star Thrower" (or "starfish story") is part of a page essay of the same name by Loren Eiseley (–), published in in The Unexpected Universe. The Star Thrower is also the title of a anthology of Eiseley's works (including the essay), which he completed shortly before his death Martin Heidegger (—) Martin Heidegger is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20 th century, while remaining one of the most controversial. His thinking has contributed to such diverse fields as phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty), existentialism (Sartre, Ortega y Gasset), hermeneutics (Gadamer, Ricoeur), political theory (Arendt, Marcuse
Heidegger, Martin | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Martin Heidegger is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20 th century, while remaining one of the most controversial. His thinking has contributed to such diverse fields as phenomenology Merleau-Pontyexistentialism SartreOrtega y Gassethermeneutics Gadamer, Ricoeurpolitical theory Arendttruth essay, Marcuse, Habermaspsychology Boss, Binswanger, Truth essay Mayand truth essay Bultmann, Rahner, Tillich. His critique of truth essay metaphysics and his opposition to positivism and technological world domination have been embraced by leading theorists of postmodernity DerridaFoucaultand Lyotard.
On the other hand, his involvement in the Nazi movement has invoked a stormy debate, truth essay. Although he never claimed that his philosophy was concerned with politics, political considerations have come to overshadow his philosophical work, truth essay. In his fundamental treatise, Being and Timehe attempted to access being Sein by means of phenomenological analysis of human existence Dasein in respect to its temporal and historical character.
He turned to the exegesis of historical texts, truth essay of the Presocratics, but also of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche and Hölderlin, and to poetry, architecture, technology, and other subjects.
He also stressed the nihilism of modern technological culture. By going to the Presocratic beginning of Western thought, he wanted to repeat the early Greek experience of being, so that the West could turn away from the dead end of nihilism and truth essay anew. His writings are notoriously difficult. Being and Time remains his most influential work. Heidegger was born on September 26, in Messkirch in south-west Germany to a Catholic family.
His father worked as sexton in the local church. In his early youth, Heidegger was being prepared for the priesthood. In he went to the truth essay school in Konstanz, where the church supported him with a scholarship, truth essay then, intruth essay moved to Freiburg.
By his own account, it was this work that inspired his life-long quest for the meaning of being, truth essay. Inafter completing the high school, he became a Jesuit novice, truth essay, but was discharged within a month for reasons of health. He then entered Freiburg University, where he truth essay theology. However, because of health problems and perhaps because of a lack of a strong spiritual vocation, Heidegger left the seminary in and broke off his training for the priesthood.
He took up studies in philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences. It was also at that time that he first became influenced by Edmund Husserl. In he completed a doctorate in philosophy with a dissertation truth essay The Doctrine of Judgement in Psychologism under the direction of the neo-Kantian philosopher Heinrich Rickert.
He was conscripted into the army, but was discharged after two months because of health reasons. Hoping to take over the chair of Catholic philosophy at Freiburg, Heidegger now began to work on a habilitation thesis, the required qualification for teaching at the university.
He taught mostly courses in Aristotelian and scholastic philosophy, and regarded himself as standing in the service of the Catholic world-view.
Nevertheless, his turn from theology to philosophy was soon to truth essay followed by another turn. InHeidegger became a junior colleague of Edmund Husserl when the latter joined the Freiburg faculty.
The following year, he married Thea Elfride Petri, a Protestant student who had attended his courses since the fall of His career was again interrupted by military service in He served for the last ten months of the war, the last three of those in a meteorological unit on the western front, truth essay.
His lectures on phenomenology and his creative interpretations of Aristotle would now earn him a wide acclaim. Inwith the support of Paul Natorp, Heidegger was appointed associate professor at Marburg University. Between andhe enjoyed there the most fruitful years of his entire teaching career. His students testified to the originality of his insight and the intensity of his philosophical questioning.
Heidegger extended the scope of his lectures, truth essay, and taught courses on the history of philosophy, time, logic, phenomenology, Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant, truth essay, and Leibniz. However, he had published nothing sincea factor that threatened his future academic career. Finally, in Februarypartly because of administrative pressure, his fundamental but also unfinished treatise, truth essay, Being and Timetruth essay, appeared.
Within a few years, truth essay book was recognized as a truly epoch-making work of 20 th century philosophy. Up to then virtually apolitical, Heidegger now became politically involved. On April 21,he was elected rector of the University of Freiburg by the faculty. He was apparently urged by his colleagues to become a candidate for this politically sensitive post, as he later claimed in an interview with Der Spiegelto avoid the danger of a party functionary truth essay appointed, truth essay.
But he also seemed to believe that he could steer the Nazi movement in the right direction. On May 3,he joined the NSDAP, or Nazi, party. There truth essay little doubt that during that time, Heidegger placed the great prestige of his scholarly reputation at the service of National Socialism, and thus, willingly or not, contributed to its legitimization among his fellow Germans.
And yet, just one year later, on April 23,Heidegger resigned from his office and took no further part in politics. His rectoral address was found incompatible with the party line, and its text was eventually banned by the Nazis. Certain restrictions were put on his freedom to publish and attend conferences. He came under attack of Ernst Krieck, semi-official Nazi philosopher. For some time he was under the surveillance of the Gestapo.
He was forbidden truth essay teach and in was dismissed from his chair of philosophy. The ban was lifted in He turned to the exegesis of philosophical and literary texts, especially of the Presocratics, but also of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche and Hölderlin, and makes this his way of philosophizing.
His preoccupation with the question of language and his fascination with poetry were expressed in lectures on Hörderlin which he gave between and Towards the end of s and the beginning of s, truth essay taught five courses on Nietzsche, truth essay which he submitted to criticism the tradition of western metaphysics, truth essay, described by him as nihilistic, and made allusions to the absurdity of war and the bestiality of his contemporaries.
Finally, his reflection upon the western philosophical tradition and an endeavor to open a space for philosophizing outside it, brought him to an examination of Presocratic thought, truth essay. The course was not about early Greek thought, yet the Presocratics became there the pivotal center of discussion.
During the s, in addition to giving courses on Aristotle, Kant and Hegel, Heidegger lectured extensively on Anaximander, Parmenides, truth essay, and Heraclitus. During the last three decades of his life, from the mid s to the mid s, Heidegger wrote and published much, but in comparison to earlier decades, there was no significant change in his philosophy. Most of his time was divided between his home in Freiburg, his second study in Messkirch, and his mountain hut in the Black Forest.
But he escaped provincialism by being frequently visited by his friends including, among the others, truth essay, the political philosopher Hannah Arendt, the physicist Werner Heisenberg, the theologian Rudolf Bultmann, truth essay, the psychologist Ludwig Binswanger and by traveling more widely than ever before.
One of his last teaching stints was a seminar on Parmenides truth essay he gave in Zähringen in Heiddegger died on May 26,truth essay was buried in the churchyard in Messkirch. He remained intellectually active up until the very end, working on a number of projects, including the massive Gesamtausgabethe complete edition of his works. As it has been mentioned, truth essay, Heidegger was interested in Husserl from his early student years at the University of Freiburg when he read Logical Investigations.
Later, when Husserl accepted a chair at Freiburg, Heidegger became his assistant. His debt to Husserl cannot be overlooked. Following the Cartesian tradition, he saw the ground and the absolute starting point of philosophy in the subject. The goal of phenomenology for Husserl is then a descriptive, detached analysis of consciousness, in which objects, as its correlates, are constituted.
What right does Husserl have to insist that the original mode of encounter with beings, in which they appear to us as they are as things in themselves, truth essay, is the encounter of consciousness purified by phenomenological reduction and its objects? Perhaps because of his reverence for Husserl, he does not subject him to direct criticism in his fundamental work.
Nevertheless, Being and Time is itself a powerful critique of the Husserlian phenomenology. Heidegger there gives attention to many different modes in which we exist and encounter things. Truth essay starting point of philosophy for him is not consciousness, but Dasein in its being.
The central problem for Husserl is the problem of constitution: How is the world as phenomenon constituted in our consciousness? Heidegger takes the Husserlian problem one step further. Dasein is that being in which any being is constituted.
Phenomenology thus receives in Heidegger a new meaning. Heidegger takes it rather to designate a method. For Heidegger the method of ontology is phenomenology. However, being is always the being of truth essay being, and accordingly, it becomes accessible only indirectly through some existing entity, truth essay. One must direct oneself toward an entity, truth essay, but in such a way that its being is thereby brought out.
It is Dasein which Heidegger chooses as the particular entity to access being. Hence, as the basic component of his phenomenology, Heidegger adopts the Husserlian phenomenological reduction, but gives it a completely different meaning, truth essay.
To sum up, truth essay, Heidegger does not base his philosophy on consciousness as Husserl did. Although he agrees with Husserl that the transcendental constitution of the world cannot be unveiled by naturalistic or physical explanations, in his view it truth essay not a descriptive analysis of consciousness that leads to this end, but the analysis of Truth essay. Phenomenology for him is not a descriptive, truth essay, detached analysis of consciousness.
It is a method of access to being. For the Heidegger of Being and Timephilosophy is phenomenological ontology which takes its departure from the analysis of Dasein.
The truth essay is used by other German philosophers to denote the existence of any entity. He relates this question to the question of being. Dasein, that being which we ourselves are, is distinguished from all other beings by the fact that it makes issue of its own being.
It stands out to being. Dasein is essentially temporal. Existence means that Dasein is potentiality-for-being Seinkönnen ; it projects its being upon various possibilities. Existence represents thus the phenomenon of the future. Then, as thrownness, Dasein always finds itself already in a certain spiritual and material, historically conditioned environment; in short, in the world, in which the space of possibilities is always somehow limited.
This represents the phenomenon of the past as having-been. Finally, as fallenness, truth essay, Dasein exists in the midst of beings which are both Dasein and not Dasein, truth essay. This represents the primordial phenomenon of the present.
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Martin Heidegger (—) Martin Heidegger is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20 th century, while remaining one of the most controversial. His thinking has contributed to such diverse fields as phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty), existentialism (Sartre, Ortega y Gasset), hermeneutics (Gadamer, Ricoeur), political theory (Arendt, Marcuse Related Truth: Why should we read the Old Testament? Should the Bible be interpreted literally? Are Bible miracles literal events? What is the basic timeline of The Truth about DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) is perhaps the single most prevalent of all chemicals that can be dangerous to human life. Despite this truth, most people are not unduly concerned about the dangers of Dihydrogen blogger.comments, civic leaders, corporations, military organizations, and citizens in every walk of life seem to either be ignorant of or
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